HCS325 Health Care Management

Question: Choose a respiratory disease that has a significant impact on society and the health care industry. Some examples are tuberculosis, bronchitis, asthma, influenza, or a respiratory illness that is currently prevalent. Write a report paper that discusses the following: • State this disease’s type (primary, secondary, tertiary) and what makes it classified as such. • Discuss the impact this disease has on society as it relates to the business of health care and the use of resources. Answer: Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is defined as chronic pulmonary infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Orme, 2014). According to the reports published by the Centre of Disease Control (CDC), the reported cases of TB in US is 9,272 in 2016 and this number of 2.9% less than what recorded in the year 2015. However, CDC is of the opinion that this rate of decline of TB is too slow in order to achieve complete elimination of TB from US in this century. The following report aims to analyze the social and the economic impact of tuberculosis along with the classification of tuberculosis on the basis of the primary and secondary pulmonary disease. Disease Type Pulmonary tuberculosis is classified into two types, primary and secondary. The main marker of the primary tuberculosis is The Ghon Complex. It is known as primary tuberculosis because it has a favorable evolution via healing with fibrosis or calcification resulting in the formation of Ranke complex. However, if the primary tuberculosis is left untreated it transformed into progressive primary tuberculosis (Atlas of Pathology, 2015). Secondary tuberculosis manifests with the reactivation of the latent primary infection and is common in 90 to 95% cases of the adult primary tuberculosis. Secondary tuberculosis is left untreated results in the formation of chronic lesions along with intense perilesional and pleural fibrosis (Atlas of Pathology, 2015). Impact Of Disease On Society Existing literature report highlights that TB has substantial and encompassing impact on the health related quality of life of the infected patients and this can be regarded as the main social impact of this infectious respiratory disease (Atif et al., 2014). Studies have shown that in comparison to the general healthy population, the patients of TB suffer from deficits in mental and physical well-being (Doherty et al. 2013; Atif et al., 2014). The symptoms of constitutional TB like extreme loss of body weight, loss of appetite, high body temperature, high level of fatigue along with unbearable body pain, adversely affect the role of the patient in the society (Chikovore et al., 2014). Patients with primary pulmonary tuberculosis report a history of having chronic chest complications like cough (productive and non-productive), pain in chest and hemoptysis (Atif et al., 2014). These symptoms further limit the role of the patient in social activities and work (Atif et al., 2014). In some communities, patients of tuberculosis have also reported of experiencing social rejection and isolation. This is because they are considered as the source of infection for the healthy individuals and this lead to the generation of negative emotions, fear, anxiety and low self-esteem. These stigmatizations along with negative cause prolong the impairment of patient’s psychological well-being, high rate of absenteeism and loss of productivity (Atif et al., 2014). Disease Cost On the global perspectives, the treatment cost of tuberculosis is high and this further cast a negative impact of the society. However, report suggests that the direct treatment cost of tuberculosis is under-estimated because only the cost imparted on the health system is measured (Shete et al., 2015). In numerous countries, person suffering from tuberculosis initially seek help from the traditional healers or private sector health organizations. This is may be either due the preference towards private sector or due to the lack of awareness among the public about the government sponsored free TB treatment. Moreover, free care at the government hospital is not 100% free as there are charges for X-rays and sputum examinations (Foster et al., 2015). Another reason behind the high direct treatment cost of tuberculosis is it often takes more than a month for the proper diagnosis and analysis of the root cause problem, conforming tuberculosis. Only half of the patients suffering from tuberculosis are diagnosed in the first source of help and thus the rest half ate forced to “shop around” for a proper diagnosis regime. The most significant cost for shipping around for a proper diagnosis of tuberculosis is delay in the treatment and this contributes to high rate of early mortality (pre-mature death) or increase transmission of infection (Sreeramareddy et al., 2014). So, the business to the health care in relation to the tuberculosis is proper implementation of DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Sort Course). According to the WHO, tuberculosis is curable through short course of chemotherapy (DOTS). However, delay in detection of tuberculosis, escalates the diagnosis and treatment cost of the TB, leading to the positive impact of the business in the health care sectors in regards to TB. Moreover, people who suffer from the mental health complications also seek help from the psychologists in order to overcome their low self-esteem and this lead to further business in the health care sectors (Atif et al., 2014). Thus from the above discussion it can be concluded that TB cast a significant impact on the society. It hampers the equilibrium of the mental and physical well-being among the patients. However, government along with health care organizations must take further initiates in order to promote DOTS as main curing model for tuberculosis in order to reduce the cost of treatment. References Atif, M., Sulaiman, S. A. S., Shafie, A. A., Asif, M., Sarfraz, M. K., & Low, H. C. (2014). Impact of tuberculosis treatment on health-related quality of life of pulmonary tuberculosis patients: a follow-up study. Health and quality of life outcomes, 12(1), 19. CDC | TB | Fact Sheets | Trends in Tuberculosis – United States. (2016). Cdc.gov. Retrieved 19 January 2018, from https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/statistics/tbtrends.htm Chikovore, J., Hart, G., Kumwenda, M., Chipungu, G. A., Desmond, N., & Corbett, L. (2014). Control, struggle, and emergent masculinities: a qualitative study of men’s care-seeking determinants for chronic cough and tuberculosis symptoms in Blantyre, Malawi. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1053. Doherty, A. M., Kelly, J., McDonald, C., O’Dywer, A. M., Keane, J., & Cooney, J. (2013). A review of the interplay between tuberculosis and mental health. General hospital psychiatry, 35(4), 398-406. Foster, N., Vassall, A., Cleary, S., Cunnama, L., Churchyard, G., & Sinanovic, E. (2015). The economic burden of TB diagnosis and treatment in South Africa. Social science & medicine, 130, 42-50. Orme, I. M. (2014). A new unifying theory of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis, 94(1), 8-14. Primary pulmonary tuberculosis. (2015). Pathologyatlas.ro. Retrieved 19 January 2018, from https://www.pathologyatlas.ro/secondary-pulmonary-tuberculosis-pathology.php Secondary pulmonary tuberculosis. (2015). Pathologyatlas.ro. Retrieved 19 January 2018, from https://www.pathologyatlas.ro/secondary-pulmonary-tuberculosis-pathology.php Shete, P. B., Haguma, P., Miller, C. R., Ochom, E., Ayakaka, I., Davis, J. L., … & Cattamanchi, A. (2015). Pathways and costs of care for patients with tuberculosis symptoms in rural Uganda. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 19(8), 912-917. Sreeramareddy, C. T., Qin, Z. Z., Satyanarayana, S., Subbaraman, R., & Pai, M. (2014). Delays in diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in India: a systematic review. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 18(3), 255-266. What is DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course). (2016). South-East Asia Regional Office. Retrieved 19 January 2018, from https://www.searo.who.int/tb/topics/what_dots/en/

HCS325 Health Care Management

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